Análisis de la influencia del grado de compactación de una mezcla asfáltica en su deformación permanente y la susceptibilidad a la humedad

Trabajo de InvestigaciónEstablecer la influencia que puede llegar a tener la densidad y su relación de vacíos dados por el grado de compactación, con la falla de la deformación permanente (Ahuellamiento) y la susceptibilidad al agua en las capas de asfalto.INTRODUCCIÓN 1.ANTECEDENTES Y JUSTIFICACIÓN 2.OBJETIVOS 3.MARCO DE REFERENCIA 4. METODOLOGÍA 5.INSTALACIONES Y EQUIPO REQUERIDO 6.ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS 7.PRESUPUESTO DEL TRABAJO Y RECURSOS FINANCIEROS 8.CONCLUSIONES • RECOMENDACIONES • BIBLIOGRAFÍAPregradoIngeniero Civi

A computational analysis of general intelligence tests for evaluating cognitive development

[EN] The progression in several cognitive tests for the same subjects at different ages provides valuable information about their cognitive development. One question that has caught recent interest is whether the same approach can be used to assess the cognitive development of artificial systems. In particular, can we assess whether the fluid or crystallised intelligence of an artificial cognitive system is changing during its cognitive development as a result of acquiring more concepts? In this paper, we address several IQ tests problems (odd-one-out problems, Raven s Progressive Matrices and Thurstone s letter series) with a general learning system that is not particularly designed on purpose to solve intelligence tests. The goal is to better understand the role of the basic cognitive perational constructs (such as identity, difference, order, counting, logic, etc.) that are needed to solve these intelligence test problems and serve as a proof-of-concept for evaluation in other developmental problems. From here, we gain some insights into the characteristics and usefulness of these tests and how careful we need to be when applying human test problems to assess the abilities and cognitive development of robots and other artificial cognitive systems.This work has been partially supported by the EU (FEDER) and the Spanish MINECO under grants TIN 2015-69175-C4-1-R and TIN 2013-45732-C4-1-P, and by Generalitat Valenciana under grant PROMETEOII/2015/013.Martínez-Plumed, F.; Ferri Ramírez, C.; Hernández-Orallo, J.; Ramírez Quintana, MJ. (2017). A computational analysis of general intelligence tests for evaluating cognitive development. Cognitive Systems Research. 43:100-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.01.006S1001184

Learning with con gurable operators and RL-based heuristics

In this paper, we push forward the idea of machine learning systems for which the operators can be modi ed and netuned for each problem. This allows us to propose a learning paradigm where users can write (or adapt) their operators, according to the problem, data representation and the way the information should be navigated. To achieve this goal, data instances, background knowledge, rules, programs and operators are all written in the same functional language, Erlang. Since changing operators a ect how the search space needs to be explored, heuristics are learnt as a result of a decision process based on reinforcement learning where each action is de ned as a choice of operator and rule. As a result, the architecture can be seen as a `system for writing machine learning systems' or to explore new operators.This work was supported by the MEC projects CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 26706 and TIN 2010-21062-C02-02, GVA project PROMETEO/2008/051, and the REFRAME project granted by the European Coordinated Research on Long-term Challenges in Information and Communication Sciences & Technologies ERA-Net (CHIST-ERA), and funded by the Ministerio de Econom´ıa y Competitividad in Spain. Also, F. Mart´ınez-Plumed is supported by FPI-ME grant BES-2011-045099Martínez Plumed, F.; Ferri Ramírez, C.; Hernández Orallo, J.; Ramírez Quintana, MJ. (2013). Learning with con gurable operators and RL-based heuristics. En New Frontiers in Mining Complex Patterns. Springer Verlag (Germany). 7765:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37382-4_1S1167765Armstrong, J.: A history of erlang. In: Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGPLAN Conf. on History of Programming Languages, HOPL III, pp. 1–26. ACM (2007)Brazdil, P., Giraud-Carrier: Metalearning: Concepts and systems. In: Metalearning. Cognitive Technologies, pp. 1–10. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)Daumé III, H., Langford, J.: Search-based structured prediction (2009)Dietterich, T., Domingos, P., Getoor, L., Muggleton, S., Tadepalli, P.: Structured machine learning: the next ten years. Machine Learning 73, 3–23 (2008)Dietterich, T.G., Lathrop, R., Lozano-Perez, T.: Solving the multiple-instance problem with axis-parallel rectangles. Artificial Intelligence 89, 31–71 (1997)Džeroski, S.: Towards a general framework for data mining. In: Džeroski, S., Struyf, J. (eds.) KDID 2006. LNCS, vol. 4747, pp. 259–300. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)Dzeroski, S., De Raedt, L., Driessens, K.: Relational reinforcement learning. Machine Learning 43, 7–52 (2001), 10.1023/A:1007694015589Dzeroski, S., Lavrac, N. (eds.): Relational Data Mining. Springer (2001)Estruch, V., Ferri, C., Hernández-Orallo, J., Ramírez-Quintana, M.J.: Similarity functions for structured data. an application to decision trees. Inteligencia Artificial, Revista Iberoamericana de Inteligencia Artificial 10(29), 109–121 (2006)Estruch, V., Ferri, C., Hernández-Orallo, J., Ramírez-Quintana, M.J.: Web categorisation using distance-based decision trees. ENTCS 157(2), 35–40 (2006)Estruch, V., Ferri, C., Hernández-Orallo, J., Ramírez-Quintana, M.J.: Bridging the Gap between Distance and Generalisation. Computational Intelligence (2012)Ferri-Ramírez, C., Hernández-Orallo, J., Ramírez-Quintana, M.J.: Incremental learning of functional logic programs. In: Kuchen, H., Ueda, K. (eds.) FLOPS 2001. LNCS, vol. 2024, pp. 233–247. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)Gärtner, T.: Kernels for Structured Data. PhD thesis, Universitat Bonn (2005)Holland, J.H., Booker, L.B., Colombetti, M., Dorigo, M., Goldberg, D.E., Forrest, S., Riolo, R.L., Smith, R.E., Lanzi, P.L., Stolzmann, W., Wilson, S.W.: What is a learning classifier system? In: Lanzi, P.L., Stolzmann, W., Wilson, S.W. (eds.) IWLCS 1999. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1813, pp. 3–32. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)Holmes, J.H., Lanzi, P., Stolzmann, W.: Learning classifier systems: New models, successful applications. Information Processing Letters (2002)Kitzelmann, E.: Inductive programming: A survey of program synthesis techniques. In: Schmid, U., Kitzelmann, E., Plasmeijer, R. (eds.) AAIP 2009. LNCS, vol. 5812, pp. 50–73. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)Koller, D., Sahami, M.: Hierarchically classifying documents using very few words. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 1997, pp. 170–178. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco (1997)Lafferty, J., McCallum, A.: Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In: ICML 2001, pp. 282–289 (2001)Lloyd, J.W.: Knowledge representation, computation, and learning in higher-order logic (2001)Maes, F., Denoyer, L., Gallinari, P.: Structured prediction with reinforcement learning. Machine Learning Journal 77(2-3), 271–301 (2009)Martínez-Plumed, F., Estruch, V., Ferri, C., Hernández-Orallo, J., Ramírez-Quintana, M.J.: Newton trees. In: Li, J. (ed.) AI 2010. LNCS, vol. 6464, pp. 174–183. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)Muggleton, S.: Inverse entailment and Progol. New Generation Computing (1995)Muggleton, S.H.: Inductive logic programming: Issues, results, and the challenge of learning language in logic. Artificial Intelligence 114(1-2), 283–296 (1999)Plotkin, G.: A note on inductive generalization. Machine Intelligence 5 (1970)Schmidhuber, J.: Optimal ordered problem solver. 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Missing the missing values: The ugly duckling of fairness in machine learning

[EN] Nowadays, there is an increasing concern in machine learning about the causes underlying unfair decision making, that is, algorithmic decisions discriminating some groups over others, especially with groups that are defined over protected attributes, such as gender, race and nationality. Missing values are one frequent manifestation of all these latent causes: protected groups are more reluctant to give information that could be used against them, sensitive information for some groups can be erased by human operators, or data acquisition may simply be less complete and systematic for minority groups. However, most recent techniques, libraries and experimental results dealing with fairness in machine learning have simply ignored missing data. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the relation between missing values and algorithmic fairness for machine learning: (1) we analyse the sources of missing data and bias, mapping the common causes, (2) we find that rows containing missing values are usually fairer than the rest, which should discourage the consideration of missing values as the uncomfortable ugly data that different techniques and libraries for handling algorithmic bias get rid of at the first occasion, (3) we study the trade-off between performance and fairness when the rows with missing values are used (either because the technique deals with them directly or by imputation methods), and (4) we show that the sensitivity of six different machine-learning techniques to missing values is usually low, which reinforces the view that the rows with missing data contribute more to fairness through the other, nonmissing, attributes. We end the paper with a series of recommended procedures about what to do with missing data when aiming for fair decision making.Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espana (ES), Grant/Award Number: RTI2018-094403-B-C3; Generalitat Valenciana, Grant/Award Number: PROMETEO/2019/09; Future of Life Institute, Grant/Award Number: RFP2-15; European Commission, Grant/Award Number: DG JRC - HUMAINT projectMartínez-Plumed, F.; Ferri Ramírez, C.; Nieves, D.; Hernández-Orallo, J. (2021). Missing the missing values: The ugly duckling of fairness in machine learning. International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 36(7):3217-3258. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22415S3217325836

Modelación hidrodinámica y morfológica del Río La Estrella, Limón

Proyecto de Investigación (Código: 5402-1421-3101, Centro funcional: 1421006) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Extensión (VIE). Escuela de Ingeniería Agrícola, 2017La Vertiente Atlántica es una zona altamente vulnerable a inundaciones donde, a causa de su topografía y cambios en el uso de la tierra, se ha debilitado la capacidad de retención de agua en las cuencas y en consecuencia se ha aumentado la capacidad destructiva de las descargas extremas en los ríos. Un fenómeno que ha marcado el antes y el después en la evolución geológica y morfológica de las cuencas en esta zona es el terremoto de Limón en el año 1991, el cual llegó a modificar la dinámica tradicional y estabilidad de sus cauces. Dentro de las principales cuencas afectadas se encuentra la del Río La Estrella, principalmente en la parte baja, donde se localiza el Valle de la Estrella. En esta zona, se ha observado un aumento en la frecuencia y magnitud de los desbordamientos, una constante acumulación de sedimentos provenientes de las partes más altas y una inestabilidad en la dinámica del cauce. Esto ha aumentado la vulnerabilidad, ante los impactos por inundación y arrastre de sedimentos, tanto de sus habitantes, actividades productivas y ecosistemas que interactúan en esta área. En este proyecto se hace una evaluación de la hidrodinámica y transporte de sedimentos en la parte baja del río La Estrella (desde el Valle de la Estrella hasta la desembocadura) por medio de los modelos matemáticos HEC-RAS e IBER en una y dos dimensiones, logrando un mejor entendimiento del comportamiento del río, identificando condiciones y puntos críticos de flujo y transporte de sedimentos, y simulando posibles situaciones ante escenarios basados en ocurrencia de eventos extremos útiles para una adecuada gestión de la cuenca.The Atlantic coast is highly vulnerable to flooding due to its topography and changes in land use. This situation has weakened the water retention capacity of its watersheds increasing the destructive capacity of the flood events. The Limón Earthquake in 1991 was the phenomenon that marked a before and after, in terms of geological and morphological evolution of the basins in this area, modifying the traditional dynamics and stability of many river channels. One of the main affected watersheds is the lower part of La Estrella River, where La Estrella Valley is located. This area has faced an increase in the frequency and magnitude of the river overflow, a constant accumulation of sediments coming from the higher parts and an instability in the channel dynamics. This has increased the vulnerability of its inhabitants, productive activities and ecosystems that interact in this area. This project models the hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the lower part of La Estrella River (from the Valley to the river mouth) by means of the mathematical models HEC-RAS and IBER in one and two dimensions. It was able to obtain a better understanding of the river behavior, by identifying conditions and critical floe and sediment points. Different flow scenarios where also able to simulated based on the occurrence of extreme events useful for a proper basin management

El plan director de la vega baja de Toledo, España: paisaje patrimonial, ecológico y urbano.

La Vega Baja de Toledo constituye un gran vacío urbano que, por avatares históricos, se ha mantenido al margen del crecimiento de la ciudad, rodeada por el casco histórico de Toledo, los barrios del ensanche norte y el río Tajo. Su localización privilegiada, junto a la riqueza patrimonial y ecológica del espacio, han sido las bases de la propuesta del Plan Director de la Vega Baja (PDVB). El objetivo del PDVB ha sido articular este vacío y abrirlo a la población, a la vez que proteger y regenerar sus valores ecológicos y culturales. Para ello ha sido necesario integrar distintos elementos: la fachada urbana de Toledo, el río Tajo con su vegetación de ribera y sus bienes patrimoniales que testimonian la sucesión de aprovechamientos históricos, y como cuerpo central del ámbito, el yacimiento arqueológico de lo que puede ser una gran ciudad visigoda. El planteamiento general del PDVB ha sido tratar el espacio como un continuo abierto, una sucesión de paisajes con su propio carácter, que alberguen distintos usos y funciones: Desde el jardín clásico que rodearía al circo romano, llegando hasta el río, con una vegetación, mobiliario y recorridos acordes con las ruinas existentes; pasando por el jardín patrimonial del yacimiento, para el que se proponen plantaciones e itinerarios efímeros que cambien a la par que avanzan las excavaciones; hasta el paisaje más puramente agrícola del vivero o paisaje de ribera, de gran valor ecológico en relación con la fauna aviar